Sexual Aversion Disorder - Diagnostic Criteria
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DSM-IV-TR includes sexual aversion disorder in its Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders classification (Table 1.1).
Table 1.1 DSM-IV-TR Criteria for Sexual Aversion Disorder
A. Persistent or recurrent extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, all (or almost all) genital sexual contact with a sexual partner
B. The disturbance causes marked distress or interpersonal difficulty
C. The sexual dysfunction is not better accounted for by another Axis I disorder (except another sexual dysfunction)
In response to these criteria, The Sexual Function Health Council of the American Foundation for Urologic Disease convened the Consensus Development Panel on Female Sexual Dysfunction. Their stated opinion was that DSM-IV is limited to mental disorders and thus too narrow to offer a useful, broad diagnostic classification for female sexual dysfunction.
Two of the panel's suggested amendments to the DSM-IV criteria are applicable to sexual aversion. While the DSM-IV criteria underline interpersonal distress, the panel preferred to underline personal distress as crucial to the diagnosis. Second, the panel specifically identified between psychogenic and organically based disorders. This revised classification system includes sexual aversion under the category of sexual desire disorders along with hypoactive sexual desire disorders (Table 1.2).
Table 1.2 1999 Consensus Classification of Female Sexual Dysfunction
I. Sexual desire disorders
A. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
B. Sexual aversion disorder
II. Sexual arousal disorder
III. Orgasmic disorder
IV. Sexual pain disorders
A. Dyspareunia
B. Vaginismus
C. Other sexual pain disorders
The consensus panel developed a very detailed document to identify and justify their new classification system. Sexual aversion disorder, still, was given little attention and by virtue of being placed in the category of sexual desire disorders, is potential to be overlooked.
DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between lifelong (primary) and acquired (secondary) sexual aversion. This is a differentiation that, in light of Mowrer's two-factor theory, is tough to defend. From the perspective of learning theory, aversion must, by definition, be acquired. Lifelong sexual aversion must still have been acquired at some point along the way. Crenshaw specifies lifelong aversion as a negative or unenthusiastic reaction to sexual interactions from earliest memories to present. Nevertheless, no matter how absent the memory of life before the aversion, the aversion was certainly learned, either directly or vicariously. Crenshaw discovers that patients presenting with primary aversion often were raised in strict religious and moral environments, which supports our contention that the aversion was learned, albeit vicariously. She also suggests that there may have been some history of psychosexual trauma, which again would have been learned and not lifelong.
We suggest that these early authors may have intended that primary refers to aversion developed so early in life that the individual did not have the chance to have normal partnered sexual behavior before acquiring the aversion. Cases in the literature identified as examples of primary aversion [e.g., case history of Bridgitte and Ms. C and case histories 1 and 2 - typically involve early, presexual negative conditioning of sex in childhood, mediated by environmental learning but specifically not by sexual abuse. Secondary aversion, in contrast, would be diagnosed in cases of specific recollection of childhood abuse or later negative sexual experience that is the proximate cause of current sexual aversion.
It is further possible that this secondary descriptor has been maintained in the taxonomies because sexual aversion has been confounded with hypoactive sexual desire. Hypoactive sexual desire may legitimately be either a biologic or a acquired condition. The biologic contribution could well have been present since birth or early in life and thereby constitute a primary or lifelong condition. Moreover, a patient with hypoactive sexual desire may become avoidant of sexual activity. Sexual disinterest in the context of the demands of a relationship could evolve into irritation or anger and appear clinically very much like aversion. This presentation, still, would be absent in the fear and anxiety response to sexual behavior, which is crucial for the aversion diagnosis. |
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Author Resource:-
David Crawford is the CEO and owner of a pump penis company known as Male Enhancement Group which is dedicated to researching and comparing male enhancement products in order to determine which male enhancement product is safer and more effective than other products on the market. Copyright 2010 David Crawford of tablets for premature ejaculation This article may be freely distributed if this resource box stays attached.
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By :
Daviedon Crawfordons
Submitted
2010-08-10 02:19:26 |
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